Herbivory by an invasive snail increases nitrogen fixation in a nitrogen-limited stream
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چکیده
Despite anthropogenic nitrogen contributions, nitrogen fixation contributes half of biosphere inputs but has rarely been quantified in streams. Herbivory controls algal biomass and productivity in streams, and we hypothesized that herbivory could also control nitrogen fixation. We released periphyton from herbivory in nitrogen-limited Polecat Creek, Wyoming, where heavy grazing by the invasive New Zealand mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) dominates nitrogen cycling. One and two weeks after releasing periphyton, we found higher rates of nitrogen fixation on heavily grazed rocks (two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), p = 0.012). Time elapsed after snail manipulation had no effect (two-way ANOVA, p = 0.24). Grazing changed periphyton composition by reducing the proportion of green algae and increasing the proportion of nitrogen-fixing diatoms (multivariate ANOVA, p = 0.001). Nitrogen fixation rates increased disproportionately to nitrogen-fixing algal cells, indicating that snails increased nitrogenase efficiency, probably by improving light and (or) nutrient availability to nitrogen fixers. We incorporated our nitrogen fixation rates into a published nitrogen budget for Polecat Creek and found that nitrogen flux into the periphyton was 50% higher when we included nitrogen fixation. Herbivory can increase nitrogen fixation in streams, and future studies should measure nitrogen fixation for a more thorough understanding of stream nitrogen cycling. Résumé : Malgré les contributions anthropiques d’azote, la fixation d’azote contribue à la moitié des apports de la biosphère; cependant, la fixation d’azote a rarement été mesurée dans les cours d’eau. L’herbivorisme contrôle la biomasse et la productivité des algues dans les cours d’eau et nous émettons l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’herbivorisme pourrait aussi contrôler la fixation d’azote. Nous avons protégé du périphyton de l’herbivorisme dans Polecat Creek, Wyoming, où le broutage intensif par un gastéropode envahissant de Nouvelle-Zélande (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) domine le recyclage de l’azote. Une et deux semaines après la manipulation, les taux de fixation de l’azote sont plus élevés sur les pierres fortement broutées (analyse de variance à deux critères de classification, p = 0,012). Le temps écoulé depuis la manipulation des gastéropodes reste sans effet (analyse de variance à deux critères de classification, p = 0,24). Le broutage change la composition du périphyton en réduisant la proportion d’algues vertes et en augmentant la proportion de diatomées fixatrices d’azote (analyse de variance multidimensionnelle, p = 0,001). Les taux de fixation d’azote augmentent de façon disproportionnée au nombre de cellules d’algues fixatrices d’azote, ce qui indique que les gastéropodes augmentent l’efficacité de la nitrogénase, probablement en améliorant la disponibilité de la lumière et (ou) des nutriments aux fixateurs d’azote. Nous avons incorporé nos taux de fixation d’azote dans un bilan d’azote publié pour Polecat Creek et avons découvert que le flux d’azote vers le périphyton est 50 % plus élevé quand nous incluons la fixation d’azote. L’herbivorisme peut augmenter la fixation d’azote dans les cours d’eau et les études futures devraient mesurer la fixation d’azote afin d’obtenir une compréhension plus complète du recyclage de l’azote dans les cours d’eau. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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تاریخ انتشار 2009